{"id":4257,"date":"2021-11-26T10:30:03","date_gmt":"2021-11-26T09:30:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.editions-eni.fr\/blog\/?p=4257"},"modified":"2023-12-05T16:37:01","modified_gmt":"2023-12-05T15:37:01","slug":"linux-notions-fondamentales","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.editions-eni.fr\/blog\/linux-notions-fondamentales\/","title":{"rendered":"Linux : ma\u00eetriser les notions fondamentales"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,3_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||0px||false|false”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.editions-eni.fr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tux.png” alt=”tux” title_text=”Tux” _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”||||||||”]<\/p>\n

Quel que soit le niveau de comp\u00e9tences informatiques, Linux continue d\u2019impressionner<\/strong>. Tr\u00e8s souvent, les premiers pas dans le monde du logiciel libre sont h\u00e9sitants, l\u2019apprentissage se fait sur le terrain, par la pratique. Or, pour bien utiliser Linux<\/strong> et \u00e9viter une perte d\u2019efficacit\u00e9 ou des erreurs, il faut d\u2019abord en comprendre les concepts fondamentaux et les principes de base<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Notre expert Nicolas PONS<\/strong> propose de vous faire d\u00e9couvrir les notions essentielles du plus embl\u00e9matique des syst\u00e8mes d\u2019exploitation open source<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Un peu d\u2019histoire<\/h2>\n

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Il faut remonter \u00e0 1991<\/strong> pour conna\u00eetre les origines de Linux<\/strong>. Linus Torvalds, alors \u00e9tudiant \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 d\u2019Helsinki, s\u2019inspire de Minix, un autre syst\u00e8me de type Unix, pour cr\u00e9er un syst\u00e8me d\u2019exploitation libre tournant sur une architecture Intel. Ce projet de fin d\u2019\u00e9tudes<\/strong> donne naissance \u00e0 Linux (“Linus\u2019 Unix”), dont le succ\u00e8s tient \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9e de son cr\u00e9ateur de publier ses travaux sous la licence publique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale GNU<\/strong> qui donne le droit \u00e0 tout un chacun d\u2019utiliser le programme, d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 son code source, de modifier le programme, de le copier et de l\u2019am\u00e9liorer.<\/p>\n

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Linux = noyau<\/h4>\n

Par abus de langage, on d\u00e9signe souvent par \u00ab Linux \u00bb l’ensemble des logiciels composant le syst\u00e8me d’exploitation. Or, Linux n\u2019est pas un syst\u00e8me d\u2019exploitation \u00e0 proprement parler<\/strong>, mais <\/span>seulement son noyau (<\/strong>kernel<\/em> en anglais), c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire qu\u2019il ne constitue pas \u00e0 lui seul la totalit\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me d\u2019exploitation. Pour cela, il doit \u00eatre accompagn\u00e9 des outils de base communs \u00e0 tous les Unix.<\/span>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text quote_border_color=”#3BB6D5″ _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”||||||||”]<\/p>\n

Les distributions Linux<\/h4>\n

Au fil du temps, des universit\u00e9s, des entreprises et des passionn\u00e9s ont donc commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 utiliser le code de Linux avec leur propre choix de paquetages pour accompagner le noyau<\/strong>. C\u2019est ainsi qu\u2019appara\u00eet le <\/span>concept de distribution Linux<\/strong>. Chaque distribution propose un syst\u00e8me d\u2019exploitation complet pr\u00eat \u00e0 installer.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Anecdote
<\/strong>Le jeune cr\u00e9ateur de Linux a choisi le manchot, son animal favori, pour servir de mascotte \u00e0 son projet. Un manchot qu\u2019il a appel\u00e9 Tux\u00a0!<\/p>\n

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Pilier de l\u2019informatique moderne<\/h4>\n

Aujourd\u2019hui, Linux est pr\u00e9sent partout<\/strong>, que ce soit dans le domaine des serveurs, des smartphones Android, des ordinateurs de type Raspberry Pi, des supercalculateurs… Il a r\u00e9volutionn\u00e9 le monde de l\u2019informatique moderne, comme en t\u00e9moignent les contributeurs de la communaut\u00e9 Linuxfr.org<\/a> dans leur article sur les 30 ans de Linux<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Depuis quelques ann\u00e9es, il est m\u00eame possible de l\u2019installer directement au sein de Windows, alors que tout opposait les deux syst\u00e8mes d\u2019exploitation, open source et propri\u00e9taire.<\/p>\n

Paradoxalement, nos postes de travail restent le seul domaine o\u00f9 Linux n\u2019a pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 faire son entr\u00e9e<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Les caract\u00e9ristiques de Linux<\/h2>\n

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L\u2019arborescence de fichiers Linux<\/h4>\n

En plus d\u2019\u00eatre multit\u00e2che et multiutilisateur comme tout syst\u00e8me de type Unix, Linux a pour particularit\u00e9 de supporter un tr\u00e8s grand nombre de syst\u00e8mes de fichiers<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Le plus difficile, lorsque l\u2019on d\u00e9bute sous Linux, est sans doute de conna\u00eetre l\u2019emplacement des fichiers et l\u2019utilit\u00e9 des r\u00e9pertoires pr\u00e9sents dans l\u2019arborescence. Aussi, pour bien utiliser Linux, il est indispensable de savoir les manipuler et les \u00e9diter<\/strong>.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text quote_border_color=”#3BB6D5″ _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”||||||||”]<\/p>\n

Le shell<\/h4>\n

Pour cela, il faut commencer par ma\u00eetriser la m\u00e9canique de la ligne de commande<\/strong>, qui reste fr\u00e9quente sous Linux malgr\u00e9 l\u2019existence d\u2019interfaces graphiques de plus en plus conviviales et ergonomiques, et bien conna\u00eetre le shell<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Le shell designe, de fa\u00e7on tr\u00e8s sch\u00e9matique, un programme qui interpr\u00e8te les commandes<\/strong>. Son apprentissage permet de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement du syst\u00e8me et d\u2019augmenter sa productivit\u00e9 en facilitant son utilisation.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Les commandes de base<\/h2>\n

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Au-del\u00e0 de toutes les commandes de base qui permettent de manipuler les fichiers sous Linux, il est n\u00e9cessaire de conna\u00eetre des commandes comme find<\/strong> pour retrouver des fichiers selon certains crit\u00e8res, comme grep<\/strong>\u00a0qui permet de filtrer des r\u00e9sultats, mais aussi comme tail<\/strong>, comme head<\/strong> ou comme cut<\/strong> qui permettent d\u2019obtenir tous les r\u00e9sultats voulus.<\/p>\n

Accessibles directement \u00e0 partir d\u2019un shell, ces quelques commandes de base sont utiles \u00e0 conna\u00eetre pour ne pas perdre des heures \u00e0 chercher un fichier\u00a0!<\/p>\n

En conclusion, si le syst\u00e8me Linux impressionne un peu, il repr\u00e9sente un magnifique terrain de jeu<\/strong>, extr\u00eamement riche. \u00c0 pr\u00e9sent que vous connaissez ses principes de base, vous pourrez exploiter toutes les possibilit\u00e9s du noyau en toute autonomie !<\/p>\n

    <\/ol>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”20px||20px||false|false” locked=”off”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||||false|false”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false”]<\/p>\n

    Vous souhaitez aller plus loin ?<\/h3>\n

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    D\u00e9couvrez la pr\u00e9sentation du livre par l\u2019auteur lui-m\u00eame\u00a0!<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_video src=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PjQX1datmBY” _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default”][\/et_pb_video][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_testimonial author=”Nicolas PONS” job_title=”Notre expert Linux” portrait_url=”https:\/\/www.editions-eni.fr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Nicolas-Pons-portrait.jpg” _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false”]<\/p>\n

    Ing\u00e9nieur ind\u00e9pendant sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans l\u2019automatisation de productions informatiques, Nicolas Pons est aujourd\u2019hui r\u00e9f\u00e9rent p\u00e9dagogique et instructeur pour divers centres de formation. Sa solide exp\u00e9rience en administration et en d\u00e9veloppement syst\u00e8me s\u2019allie \u00e0 ses qualit\u00e9s p\u00e9dagogiques pour proposer aux lecteurs des ouvrages accessibles et complets sur Linux.<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_testimonial][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default” locked=”off”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default” locked=”off”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.0″ text_font=”||||||||” text_line_height=”1.8em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”Overpass|300|||||||” header_2_font_size=”35px” header_2_line_height=”1.5em” custom_margin=”||0px||false|false” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”20px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” border_color_all=”#1a0a38″]<\/p>\n

    Pour aller plus loin<\/span><\/h2>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=”#3BB6D5″ divider_position=”center” divider_weight=”3px” _builder_version=”4.9.0″ max_width=”90px” max_width_tablet=”13%” max_width_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_margin=”5px||||false|false” custom_padding=”|||” locked=”off”][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”RGBA(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”||5px||false|false” custom_css_main_element_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_css_main_element_tablet=”display:flex;” custom_css_main_element_phone=”display:inherit;”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.editions-eni.fr\/livre\/linux-principes-de-base-de-l-utilisation-du-systeme-8e-edition-9782409037764_L.jpg” alt=”Scratch et Raspberry Pi Projets maker pour s’initier \u00e0 l’\u00e9lectronique et \u00e0 la robotique” title_text=”scratch-et-raspberry-pi-projets-maker-pour-s-initier-a-l-electronique-et-a-la-robotique-2e-edition-9782409027901_M” url=”https:\/\/www.editions-eni.fr\/livre\/linux-principes-de-base-de-l-utilisation-du-systeme-8e-edition-9782409037764″ url_new_window=”on” _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” width_tablet=”85%” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” hover_enabled=”0″ box_shadow_style=”preset3″ transform_styles__hover_enabled=”on|hover” transform_scale__hover=”105%|105%” transform_scale__hover_enabled=”on|hover” transform_translate__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” transform_rotate__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” transform_skew__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” transform_origin__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#3BB6D5″ background_color=”RGBA(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”||5px||false|false”]<\/p>\n

    Livre<\/p>\n

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    Linux<\/strong>
    Principes de base de l’utilisation du syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.editions-eni.fr\/livre\/linux-maitrisez-l-administration-du-systeme-6e-edition-9782409025716_XL.jpg” alt=”formation en live” title_text=”formation en live” url=”https:\/\/www.editions-eni.fr\/livre\/linux-maitrisez-l-administration-du-systeme-6e-edition-9782409025716″ url_new_window=”on” _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” width_tablet=”85%” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” box_shadow_style=”preset3″ transform_styles__hover_enabled=”on|hover” transform_scale__hover=”105%|105%” transform_scale__hover_enabled=”on|hover” transform_translate__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” transform_rotate__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” transform_skew__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” transform_origin__hover_enabled=”on|desktop”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#3BB6D5″ background_color=”RGBA(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”||5px||false|false”]<\/p>\n

    Livre<\/p>\n

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    Linux
    <\/b>Ma\u00eetrisez l’administration du syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.editions-eni.fr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/presentiel-bureautique.jpg” alt=”formation e-learning” title_text=”elearning-web” url=”https:\/\/www.eni.fr\/formation\/administration-dun-systeme-linux-niveau-1\/” url_new_window=”on” force_fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” width_tablet=”85%” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” box_shadow_style=”preset3″ transform_styles__hover_enabled=”on|hover” transform_scale__hover=”105%|105%” transform_scale__hover_enabled=”on|hover” transform_translate__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” transform_rotate__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” transform_skew__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” transform_origin__hover_enabled=”on|desktop”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#3BB6D5″ background_color=”RGBA(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”||5px||false|false”]<\/p>\n

    Formation \u00e9ligible CPF<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding_tablet=”|10px|||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”|0px|||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone”]Administration d\u2019un syst\u00e8me Linux<\/strong>
    \nniveau 1[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.editions-eni.fr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/presentiel-bureautique.jpg” alt=”formation en live” title_text=”formation en live” url=”https:\/\/www.eni.fr\/formation\/administration-dun-systeme-linux-niveau-2\/” url_new_window=”on” _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” width_tablet=”85%” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” box_shadow_style=”preset3″ transform_styles__hover_enabled=”on|hover” transform_scale__hover=”105%|105%” transform_scale__hover_enabled=”on|hover” transform_translate__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” transform_rotate__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” transform_skew__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” transform_origin__hover_enabled=”on|desktop”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#3BB6D5″ background_color=”RGBA(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”||5px||false|false”]<\/p>\n

    Formation \u00e9ligible CPF<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding_tablet=”|10px|||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”|0px|||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone”]Administration d\u2019un syst\u00e8me Linux<\/strong>
    \nniveau 2[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||50px||false|false” locked=”off”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#7ebec5″ custom_margin=”40px||||false|false” custom_padding=”20px||0px|20px|false|false” border_radii=”off|20px|20px||”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.7″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.7″ text_font=”||||||||” text_line_height=”1.8em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”Overpass|300|||||||” header_2_font_size=”35px” header_2_line_height=”1.5em” header_3_line_height=”1.8em” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”20px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” border_color_all=”#1a0a38″]<\/p>\n

    POUR LES ENTREPRISES<\/span><\/h3>\n

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    D\u00e9couvrez nos solutions de formation pour vos \u00e9quipes et apprenants :<\/span><\/h4>\n

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    Quel que soit le niveau de comp\u00e9tences informatiques, Linux continue d\u2019impressionner. Tr\u00e8s souvent, les premiers pas dans le monde du logiciel libre sont h\u00e9sitants, l\u2019apprentissage se fait sur le terrain, par la pratique. Or, pour bien utiliser Linux et \u00e9viter une perte d\u2019efficacit\u00e9 ou des erreurs, il faut d\u2019abord en comprendre les concepts fondamentaux et […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4258,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,3],"tags":[],"genre":[],"class_list":["post-4257","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paroles-d-experts","category-systemes-et-reseaux"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLinux : ma\u00eetriser les notions fondamentales - Eni Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ma\u00eetrisez les concepts fondamentaux de Linux et gagnez en efficacit\u00e9 !\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.editions-eni.fr\/blog\/linux-notions-fondamentales\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Linux : ma\u00eetriser les notions fondamentales - 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